Velo3D (VELO) Risk Analysis

We have the ability to redeem outstanding public warrants at any time prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.15 per warrant, provided that the last reported sales price of our common stock equals or exceeds $270.00 per share (as adjusted for share subdivisions, share dividends, rights issuances, subdivisions, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date we send the notice of redemption to the warrant holders. If and when the public warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding public warrants could force holders to: (i) exercise their warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for them to do so; (ii) sell their warrants at the then-current market price when they might otherwise wish to hold their warrants; or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of their warrants. In addition, we may redeem the public warrants at any time prior to their expiration at a price of $1.50 per warrant upon a minimum of 30 days' prior written notice of redemption provided that holders will be able to exercise their warrants prior to redemption for a number of shares of our common stock determined based on the redemption date and the fair market value of our common stock. The value received upon exercise of the public warrants (1) may be less than the value the holders would have received if they had exercised their warrants at a later time where the underlying share price is higher and (2) may not compensate the holders for the value of the warrants, including because the number of shares of common stock received is capped at 1.000 shares of common stock per warrant (subject to adjustment) irrespective of the remaining life of the warrants. None of the private placement warrants will be redeemable by us, subject to certain circumstances, so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees.

Our public warrants and private placement warrants were issued in registered form under a warrant agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and us. The warrant agreement provides that the terms of the public warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision, but requires the approval by the holders of at least 65% of the then outstanding public warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of public warrants. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the public warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 65% of the then outstanding public warrants approve of such amendment. Although our ability to amend the terms of the public warrants with the consent of at least 65% of the then outstanding public warrants is unlimited, examples of such amendments could be amendments to, among other things, increase the exercise price of the warrants, convert the warrants into cash, shorten the exercise period or decrease the number of shares of our common stock purchasable upon exercise of a warrant.

As of December 31, 2025, we have 36,892 outstanding warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock. To the extent any of these warrants are exercised, additional shares of our common stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our common stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. However, there is no guarantee that the public warrants will ever be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, the public warrants may expire worthless.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time, either by us or our shareholders. These sales, or the perception in the market that either we or the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. We have filed certain registration statements (the "Resale Registration Statements") that register the offer and sale from time to time by certain selling stockholders of shares of our common stock. To the extent shares are sold into the market by our stockholders pursuant to the Resale Registration Statements, under Rule 144 under the Securities Act or otherwise, particularly in substantial quantities, the market price of our common stock could decline. We have previously and may in the future file a Form S-3 shelf registration statement to register the offer and sale from time to time of shares of our common stock or other securities. Any such sales of our common stock or other securities under a shelf registration statement may cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.

The trading price of our common stock and our public warrants has fluctuated, and is likely to continue to fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including: - the period over which we anticipate our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements and our ability to continue as a going concern;- our ability to service and comply with our indebtedness;- changes in the industries in which we and our customers operate;- variations in our operating performance and the performance of our competitors in general;- actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;- publication of research reports by securities analysts about our or our competitors or our industry;- the public's reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;- our failure or the failure of our competitors to meet securities analysts' projections or guidance that our or our competitors may give to the market;- changes in our financial, operating or other metrics, regardless of whether we consider those metrics as reflective of the current state or long-term prospects of our business, and how those results compare to securities analyst expectations, including whether those results fail to meet, exceed, or significantly exceed securities analyst expectations;- additions and departures of key personnel;- changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;- commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;- changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt including in connection with the exercise by certain affiliated institutional investors of their right to purchase the Additional Secured Convertible Notes;- the volume of shares of our common stock available for public sale; and - general economic and political conditions such as recessions, interest rates, fuel prices, inflation, foreign currency fluctuations, international tariffs, social, political and economic risks and acts of war or terrorism (including, for example, the war in Iran, the war in Israel, and the war in Ukraine-Russia and the economic sanctions related thereto). These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock and our public warrants regardless of our operating performance.

On April 12, 2021 the SEC released a public statement highlighting the potential accounting implications of certain terms of warrants issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies ("SPACs") (the "Public Statement"). The terms described in the Public Statement are common in SPACs and are similar to the terms contained in the warrant agreement governing the public warrants and the private placement warrants. In response to the Public Statement, we reevaluated the accounting treatment of our public warrants and private placement warrants and determined to classify the warrants as derivative liabilities measured at fair value, with changes in fair value each period reported in earnings. As a result, included on our balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 contained were derivative liabilities related to embedded features contained within these warrants. ASC Topic 815, provides for the remeasurement of the fair value of such derivatives at each balance sheet date, with a resulting non-cash gain or loss related to the change in the fair value being recognized in earnings in the statement of operations. As a result of the recurring fair value measurement, our consolidated financial statements and results of operations may fluctuate quarterly based on factors which are outside of our control. Due to the recurring fair value measurement, we expect that we will recognize non-cash gains or losses on the public warrants and the private placement warrants each reporting period and that the amount of such gains or losses could be material.

We are a "smaller reporting company" as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited consolidated financial statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $250 million as of the prior June 30 or (ii) our annual revenues exceeded $100 million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30. To the extent we take advantage of such reduced disclosure obligations, it may also make comparison of our consolidated financial statements with other public companies difficult or impossible. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile.

The warrant agreement governing the public warrants and the private placement warrants provides that in the following circumstances holders of the public warrants who seek to exercise their warrants will not be permitted to do for cash and will, instead, be required to do so on a cashless basis in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act: (i) if the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants are not registered under the Securities Act in accordance with the terms of the warrant agreement; (ii) if we have so elected and the shares of common stock are at the time of any exercise of a warrant are not listed on a national securities exchange such that they satisfy the definition of "covered securities" under Section 18(b)(1) of the Securities Act; and (iii) if we have so elected and we call the public warrants for redemption. If warrant holders exercise their public warrants on a cashless basis, they would pay the warrant exercise price by surrendering all of the warrants for that number of common stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of common stock underlying the warrants, multiplied by the excess of the "fair market value" of our common stock (as defined in the next sentence) over the exercise price of the warrants by (y) the fair market value. The "fair market value" is the average reported last sale price of the common stock for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of exercise is received by the warrant agent or on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants, as applicable. As a result, warrant holders would receive fewer shares of common stock from such exercise than if they were to exercise such warrants for cash.

We have entered, or have agreed to enter into, certain registration rights agreements that provide for the registration of the resale of substantially all of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock, as well as shares of common stock underlying certain promissory notes. Following the filing and effectiveness of registration statements covering such resales, such shares of common stock may be sold by the selling stockholders in the public market (subject to Rule 144 "control securities" restrictions). If the selling stockholders sell, or the market perceives that the selling stockholders intend to sell for various reasons, substantial amounts of the shares of our common stock in the public market, the price of our common stock will likely decline. Additionally, such conditions may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate.

As of March 4, 2026, Arun Jeldi, our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board, beneficially owned approximately 48.6% of our outstanding common stock, primarily through indirect ownership of shares held by entities he controls. This concentration of ownership resulted from our December 2024 restructuring transaction, pursuant to which debt was exchanged for equity, and has since been adjusted for a reverse stock split, subsequent issuances, equity compensation vesting and additional conversions of outstanding indebtedness. Most recently, an entity affiliated with Mr. Jeldi acquired and converted a senior secured convertible promissory note into shares of our common stock, increasing his aggregate beneficial ownership. Because additional outstanding or future convertible instruments may be acquired or converted by Mr. Jeldi or his affiliates, his beneficial ownership could increase further, subject to applicable contractual, regulatory or exchange limitations. Due to this level of ownership, Mr. Jeldi is able to exert substantial influence over matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors, amendments to our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, approval of significant corporate transactions, financings, and other fundamental actions. This concentration of voting power may delay, deter or prevent a change in control that other stockholders may consider favorable and could reduce the likelihood that we pursue transactions that are not aligned with the interests of Mr. Jeldi. Further, in July 2025, our stockholders approved an amendment to our certificate of incorporation permitting stockholder action by written consent to approve corporate actions without a duly called stockholder meeting if the written consent is signed by the requisite holders of outstanding stock having the necessary minimum votes to approve the action. When combined with Mr. Jeldi's beneficial ownership, this governance provision enhances his ability to influence or effectively determine the outcome of stockholder actions, including the election or removal of directors, amendments to our governing documents, approval of equity issuances, significant corporate transactions, financings and other fundamental matters. This concentration of voting power, together with the ability to act by written consent, may delay, deter or prevent actions that other stockholders may consider favorable. The perception that a single stockholder effectively controls the company may discourage potential investors, strategic partners or acquirers and may contribute to volatility in the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, Mr. Jeldi's beneficial ownership percentage has fluctuated significantly over time due to equity issuances, reverse stock splits, compensation awards, and conversions of indebtedness into equity. Future conversions of outstanding notes, exercises of equity awards, or additional capital-raising transactions could materially change his ownership level, including increasing or decreasing his voting control. Any such changes, or the market's perception of potential changes, may adversely affect the trading price and liquidity of our common stock. In addition, because a substantial portion of Mr. Jeldi's holdings are held indirectly through affiliated entities and were obtained through debt-for-equity transactions, his investment horizon, liquidity objectives and risk tolerance may differ from those of other stockholders. Actions taken by him or his affiliates with respect to these holdings, including additional conversions, transfers, pledges, or dispositions, could materially impact our governance dynamics and the market for our securities.

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company's securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Shareholder activism, which could take many forms or arise in a variety of situations, has been increasing recently. Volatility in the stock price of our common stock or other reasons may in the future cause it to become the target of securities litigation or shareholder activism. Securities litigation and shareholder activism, including potential proxy contests, could result in substantial costs and divert management's and Board of Directors' attention and resources from our business. Additionally, such securities litigation and shareholder activism could give rise to perceived uncertainties as to our future, adversely affect our relationships with service providers and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. Also, we may be required to incur significant legal fees and other expenses related to any securities litigation and activist shareholder matters. Further, our stock price could be subject to significant fluctuation or otherwise be adversely affected by the events, risks and uncertainties of any securities litigation and shareholder activism.

The warrant agreement governing the public warrants and the private placement warrants provides that, subject to applicable law, (i) any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the warrant agreement, including under the Securities Act, will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and (ii) that we irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction will be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. We will waive any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenient forum. Notwithstanding the foregoing, these provisions of the warrant agreement do not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States are the sole and exclusive forum. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our public warrants will be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provisions in our warrant agreement. If any action, the subject matter of which is within the scope of the forum provisions of the warrant agreement, is filed in a court other than a court of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (a "foreign action") in the name of any holder of our public warrants, such holder will be deemed to have consented to (x) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in the State of New York in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the forum provisions (an "enforcement action") and (y) having service of process made upon such warrant holder in any such enforcement action by service upon such warrant holder's counsel in the foreign action as agent for such warrant holder. This choice-of-forum provision may limit a warrant holder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with our company, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our warrant agreement inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and Board of Directors.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for state law claims for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of our company to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our Certificate of Incorporation or our Amended and Restated Bylaws, (iv) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our Certificate of Incorporation or our Amended and Restated Bylaws or (v) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The forgoing provisions will not apply to any claims arising under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act and, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States will be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any action asserting a claim arising under the Securities Act. These provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. While Delaware courts have determined these types of provisions to be facially valid, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar provisions in other companies' charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings. It is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find the provisions contained in our Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.