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Penumbra (PEN) Risk Analysis

Public companies are required to disclose risks that can affect the business and impact the stock. These disclosures are known as “Risk Factors”. Companies disclose these risks in their yearly (Form 10-K), quarterly earnings (Form 10-Q), or “foreign private issuer” reports (Form 20-F). Risk factors show the challenges a company faces. Investors can consider the worst-case scenarios before making an investment. TipRanks’ Risk Analysis categorizes risks based on proprietary classification algorithms and machine learning. Penumbra disclosed 64 risk factors in its most recent earnings report. Penumbra reported the most risks in the “Finance & Corporate” category.

Risk Overview Q2, 2026

Source: the company's latest filing for the period ended Jun 30, 2026, filed Jul 30, 2026

Risk Distribution
64Risks
Sector Avg.Finance & CorporateTech & InnovationLegal & RegulatoryProductionAbility to SellMacro & Political
Finance & Corporate - Financial and accounting risks. Risks related to the execution of corporate activity and strategy

Risk Change Over Time

Penumbra disclosed risks per quarterNo. of Risks56586062646668Q3Q4Q12023Q2Q3Q4Q12024Q2Q3Q4Q12025Q2Q4Q12026Q2Showing: Q4, 2025
Risks removedRisks addedRisks changedPenumbra Risk Factors
Risk Changed (2)
  • Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 1
    Because the market price of Boston Scientific Corporation common stock may fluctuate, holders of our common stock cannot be certain of the market value of the consideration they will receive in the Merger.

    Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, our stockholders will have the right to elect, for each share of our common stock held by them, to receive $374 in cash or 3.8721 shares of Boston Scientific Corporation's common stock (valued at $374 based on the volume weighted average price of Boston Scientific Corporation's common stock over the 10 trading days ending January 13, 2026), subject to proration, so that the total transaction consideration is paid approximately 73% in cash and approximately 27% in shares of Boston Scientific Corporation's common stock. The stock consideration payable in the Merger is fixed and will not be adjusted for changes in the market price of either Boston Scientific Corporation common stock or our common stock. Changes in the price of Boston Scientific Corporation common stock prior to the Merger will affect the value that holders of our common stock will receive in the Merger. Because the market price of Boston Scientific Corporation common stock may fluctuate, holders of our common stock cannot be certain of the market value of the consideration they will receive in the Merger.

  • Corporate Activity and Growth - Risk 2
    Uncertainty associated with our agreement to be acquired by Boston Scientific Corporation could have an adverse effect on our business.

    On January 14, 2026, we entered into the Merger Agreement with Boston Scientific Corporation and Merger Sub, pursuant to which Boston Scientific Corporation has agreed to acquire us for $374 per share pursuant to the Merger, with our stockholders having the right to elect, for each share of our common stock held by them, to receive $374 in cash or 3.8721 shares of Boston Scientific Corporation's common stock (valued at $374 based on the volume weighted average price of Boston Scientific Corporation's common stock over the 10 trading days ending January 13, 2026), subject to proration, so that the total transaction consideration is paid approximately 73% in cash and approximately 27% in shares of Boston Scientific Corporation's common stock. Uncertainty about the effect of the Merger Agreement and the Merger on our customers, employees, suppliers, vendors, and business partners may have an adverse effect on our business and operations that may be material to our company. For example, our employees may experience uncertainty about their roles following the Merger. There can be no assurance we will be able to attract and retain key talent, including senior leaders, engineers, salespeople, and others to the same extent that we have previously been able to attract and retain employees. Any loss or distraction of such employees could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. In addition, we have diverted, and will continue to divert, significant management attention and resources towards the completion of the Merger, which could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. Moreover, our customers may experience uncertainty associated with the Merger, including with respect to possible changes to our products, technology or policies. Similarly, our suppliers, vendors, business partners and distribution channels may experience uncertainty associated with the Merger, including with respect to current or future business relationships with us. Uncertainty may cause customers to refrain from purchasing our products and to instead purchase our competitors' products, and suppliers, vendors and business partners may seek to change existing business relationships, which could result in an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition in a way that may be material to our company. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, until the Merger becomes effective or the Merger Agreement is terminated, we are subject to certain restrictions on the conduct of our business, including in certain cases restrictions on our ability to enter into certain material contracts, acquire or dispose of assets outside of the ordinary course of business, incur indebtedness or make unbudgeted capital expenditures. These restrictions may prevent us from taking actions with respect to our business that we may consider advantageous, and result in our inability to respond effectively to competitive pressures and industry developments and may otherwise harm our business and results of operations.

  • Corporate Activity and Growth - Risk 3
    The failure to complete the Merger could adversely affect our business.

    Completion of the Merger is subject to conditions beyond our control that may prevent, delay or otherwise adversely affect its completion in a material way, including the approval of our stockholders and the expiration or termination of applicable waiting periods and the receipt of certain clearances under antitrust and competition laws. If the Merger or a similar transaction is not completed, the share price of our common stock may decline to the extent that the current market price of our common stock reflects an assumption that a transaction will be completed. In addition, under circumstances defined in the Merger Agreement, we may be required to pay Boston Scientific Corporation a termination fee of $525.0 million in the event the Merger is not completed. Further, a failure to complete the Merger may result in negative publicity for us in the investment community. Any disruption to our business resulting from the announcement and pendency of the Merger, including any adverse changes in our relationships with our customers, suppliers, vendors and business partners could continue or accelerate in the event of a failure to complete the Merger. There can be no assurance that our business, these relationships or our financial condition will not be adversely affected if the Merger is not consummated.

  • Corporate Activity and Growth - Risk 4
    We will continue to incur substantial transaction-related costs in connection with the Merger.

    We have incurred significant legal, advisory and financial services fees in connection with Merger. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, additional costs in connection with the satisfaction of the various conditions to closing of the Merger, including seeking approval from our stockholders and from applicable regulatory authorities. If there is any delay in the consummation of the Merger, these costs could increase significantly.

  • Corporate Activity and Growth - Risk 5
    Provisions of the Merger Agreement may deter alternative business combinations and could negatively impact our stock price if the Merger Agreement is terminated in certain circumstances.

    The Merger Agreement prohibits us from soliciting, initiating, knowingly facilitating or knowingly encouraging any inquiries, proposals or offers that would be reasonably expected to lead to certain alternative takeover proposals with any third party, and from taking other similar actions, subject to exceptions set forth in the Merger Agreement. The Merger Agreement also provides for the payment by us of a termination fee of $525.0 million if the Merger Agreement is terminated in certain circumstances in connection with a competing third-party acquisition proposal. These provisions limit our ability to pursue offers from third parties that could result in greater value to our stockholders. The obligation to pay the termination fee may also discourage a third party from pursuing an alternative acquisition proposal. If the Merger Agreement is terminated and we determine to seek another business combination, we cannot assure our stockholders that we will be able to negotiate a transaction with another company on terms comparable to the terms of the Merger Agreement, or that we will avoid incurrence of any fees associated with the termination of the Merger Agreement. In the event the Merger Agreement is terminated, our stock price may decline.

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Risk Highlights Q2, 2026

Main Risk Category
Finance & Corporate
With 21 Risks
Number of Disclosed Risks
64
No changes from last report
S&P 500 Average: 32
Recent Changes
0Risks added
0Risks removed
0Risks changed
Since Jun 2026
Number of Risk Changed
0
No changes from last report
S&P 500 Average: 1

Risk Word Cloud

because the market price of boston scientific corporation common stock may fluctuate, holders of our common stock cannot be certain of the market value of the consideration they will receive in the merger.holders of our common stockif our executive officers, directors and largest stockholders choose to act together, they may be able to significantly influence our management and operations, acting in their own best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders.to significantly influence our managementour commercial success depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing upon the intellectual property rights of third parties.our commercial success depends significantlyour future growth depends, in part, on our ability to further penetrate our current customer base and increase the frequency of use of our products by our customers as well as expand our user base to include additional specialist physicians and other healthcare providers in both our existing and future target end markets.penetrate our current customer basewe are required to maintain high levels of inventory, which consume a significant amount of our working capital and could lead to permanent write-downs or write-offs of our inventory.lead to permanent write-downscost-containment efforts of our customers, purchasing groups and governmental organizations could have a material adverse effect on our sales and ability to achieve or maintain profitability.cost-containment efforts of our customersif we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.effective system of disclosure controlsour products are continually the subject of clinical trials conducted by us, our competitors, or other third parties, the results of which may be unfavorable, or perceived as unfavorable, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.subject of clinical trials conductedwe are required to maintain high levels of inventory, which consume a significant amount of our working capital and could lead to permanent write-downs or write-offs of our inventory.write-offs of our inventoryif our executive officers, directors and largest stockholders choose to act together, they may be able to significantly influence our management and operations, acting in their own best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders.largest stockholders choose to act

Risk Factors Full Breakdown - Total Risks 64

Share Price & Shareholder Rights9 | 14.1%
  • Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 1
    If securities or industry analysts publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or cease publishing research, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

    The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

  • Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 2
    Our third amended and restated bylaws designate the state courts located within the state of Delaware (or if no state court located within Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) as the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to access a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

    Our third amended and restated bylaws designate the state courts located within the state of Delaware (or if no state court located within Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware), in all cases subject to the court's having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants, as the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a claim of a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our third amended and restated bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This forum selection provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") or, in each case, the rules and regulations thereunder, or for any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. In addition, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our third amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business and financial condition.

  • Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 3
    Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our third amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could discourage another company from acquiring us and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

    Provisions of Delaware law (where we are incorporated), our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our third amended and restated bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace or remove our board of directors. These provisions include: - authorizing the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock without any need for action by stockholders;- eliminating the ability of stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings of stockholders;- prohibiting stockholder action by written consent;- establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings; and - providing that our directors may be removed by our stockholders only for cause. In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may have an anti-takeover effect with respect to transactions not approved in advance by our board of directors, including discouraging takeover attempts that could have resulted in a premium over the market price for shares of our common stock. These provisions apply even if a takeover offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders and could delay or prevent an acquisition that our board of directors determines is not in our and our stockholders' best interests and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

  • Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 4
    Techniques employed by short sellers have in the past and may in the future drive down the market price of our common stock.

    Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third-party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller's best interests for the price of the stock to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a stock short. These short attacks have led to selling of shares in the market. We have been in the past, and may be in the future, subject to such attacks by short sellers. If we are the subject of unfavorable allegations, we may have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could be distracting for our management team.

  • Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 5
    A sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

    Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares of common stock intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. As of December 31, 2025, our directors, executive officers and holders of 5% or more of our outstanding stock beneficially owned approximately 36.2% of our outstanding stock in the aggregate. If one or more of them were to sell a substantial portion of the shares they hold, it could cause our stock price to decline. We have also registered the offer and sale of all shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation plans. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 6,700,000 shares of common stock that are either subject to outstanding options or other equity awards or reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans have been registered on Form S-8 registration statements and may be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, except for shares held by affiliates who have certain restrictions on their ability to sell. If these additional shares of common stock are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

  • Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 6
    If our executive officers, directors and largest stockholders choose to act together, they may be able to significantly influence our management and operations, acting in their own best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders.

    As of December 31, 2025, our executive officers, directors and holders of 5% or more of our outstanding stock and their affiliates beneficially owned approximately 36.2% of our voting stock in the aggregate. These stockholders, acting together, would be able to significantly influence all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers or other business combination transactions. The interests of this group of stockholders may not always coincide with the interests of other stockholders, and they may act in a manner that advances their best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of our company, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of our company and might ultimately affect the market price of our common stock.

  • Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 7
    The price of our common stock may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

    The trading price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to be volatile. From January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025, our closing stock price as reported on The New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") has ranged from $225.54 to $320.85. Stock markets have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In addition, limited trading volume of our stock may contribute to its future volatility. Price declines in our common stock could result from general market and economic conditions, some of which are beyond our control, and a variety of other factors, including any of the risk factors described in this Form 10-K or those that we have not anticipated. These broad market and industry factors may harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance, and could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid for such shares. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the market price of our common stock include the following: - price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;- volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of medical device company stocks;- changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other medical device companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;- sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders;- failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;- the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections or our failure to meet those projections;- announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services;- the public's reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;- rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;- actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations or fluctuations in our results of operations;- actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors' businesses or the competitive landscape generally;- litigation involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;- developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;- announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors;- new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;- changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;- any significant change in our management; and - general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company's securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. We were involved in one such lawsuit in 2021, which was voluntarily dismissed without prejudice, and we may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. This litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management's attention and resources.

  • Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 8
    We cannot guarantee we will make any additional repurchases of our common stock under our share repurchase program or otherwise.

    On August 5, 2024, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase authorization in the amount of up to $200.0 million, allowing us to repurchase our common stock from time to time at such prices as we deem appropriate through open market purchases, block transactions, privately negotiated transactions, including accelerated share repurchase transactions, or otherwise. The repurchase authorization originally expired on July 31, 2025. Under this authorization, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement ("ASR") with JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association to repurchase $100.0 million of our common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2024. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased an aggregate of 517,763 shares under the ASR at an aggregate cost of $100.4 million, including legal and financial advisor fees of $0.4 million associated with the repurchase. During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2025, the Company's Board of Directors extended the repurchase authorization for the remaining $100.0 million to December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2026, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had remaining authority to purchase $100.0 million of its common stock under the share repurchase authorization. Refer to Note "12. Share Repurchase Program" to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more information. The timing and amount of any future repurchases, if any, will be subject to liquidity, stock price, market and economic conditions, compliance with applicable legal requirements such as Delaware surplus and solvency tests, and other relevant factors. Any failure to repurchase stock after we have announced our intention to do so may negatively impact our reputation and investor confidence in us and may negatively impact our stock price. In addition, under the Merger Agreement, we are not permitted to repurchase shares of our common stock without the prior approval of Boston Scientific Corporation. In addition, the existence of our share repurchase program could cause our stock price to be higher than it otherwise would be and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. Although this share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, there is no assurance it will do so because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchased shares of common stock and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the effectiveness of the program.

  • Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 9
    Because the market price of Boston Scientific Corporation common stock may fluctuate, holders of our common stock cannot be certain of the market value of the consideration they will receive in the Merger.

    Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, our stockholders will have the right to elect, for each share of our common stock held by them, to receive $374 in cash or 3.8721 shares of Boston Scientific Corporation's common stock (valued at $374 based on the volume weighted average price of Boston Scientific Corporation's common stock over the 10 trading days ending January 13, 2026), subject to proration, so that the total transaction consideration is paid approximately 73% in cash and approximately 27% in shares of Boston Scientific Corporation's common stock. The stock consideration payable in the Merger is fixed and will not be adjusted for changes in the market price of either Boston Scientific Corporation common stock or our common stock. Changes in the price of Boston Scientific Corporation common stock prior to the Merger will affect the value that holders of our common stock will receive in the Merger. Because the market price of Boston Scientific Corporation common stock may fluctuate, holders of our common stock cannot be certain of the market value of the consideration they will receive in the Merger.

See a full breakdown of risk according to category and subcategory. The list starts with the category with the most risk. Click on subcategories to read relevant extracts from the most recent report.

FAQ

What are “Risk Factors”?
Risk factors are any situations or occurrences that could make investing in a company risky. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires that publicly traded companies disclose their most significant risk factors. This is so that potential investors can consider any risks before they make an investment. They also offer companies protection, as a company can use risk factors as liability protection. This could happen if a company underperforms and investors take legal action as a result. It is worth noting that smaller companies, that is those with a public float of under $75 million on the last business day, do not have to include risk factors in their 10-K and 10-Q forms, although some may choose to do so.
How do companies disclose their risk factors?
Publicly traded companies initially disclose their risk factors to the SEC through their S-1 filings as part of the IPO process. Additionally, companies must provide a complete list of risk factors in their Annual Reports (Form 10-K) or (Form 20-F) for “foreign private issuers”. Quarterly Reports also include a section on risk factors (Form 10-Q) where companies are only required to update any changes since the previous report. According to the SEC, risk factors should be reported concisely, logically and in “plain English” so investors can understand them.
How can I use TipRanks risk factors in my stock research?
Use the Risk Factors tab to get data about the risk factors of any company in which you are considering investing. You can easily see the most significant risks a company is facing. Additionally, you can find out which risk factors a company has added, removed or adjusted since its previous disclosure. You can also see how a company’s risk factors compare to others in its sector. Without reading company reports or participating in conference calls, you would most likely not have access to this sort of information, which is usually not included in press releases or other public announcements. A simplified analysis of risk factors is unique to TipRanks.
What are all the risk factor categories?
TipRanks has identified 6 major categories of risk factors and a number of subcategories for each. You can see how these categories are broken down in the list below. 1. Financial & Corporate Accounting & Financial Operations - risks related to accounting loss, value of intangible assets, financial statements, value of intangible assets, financial reporting, estimates, guidance, company profitability, dividends, fluctuating results. Share Price & Shareholder Rights – risks related to things that impact share prices and the rights of shareholders, including analyst ratings, major shareholder activity, trade volatility, liquidity of shares, anti-takeover provisions, international listing, dual listing. Debt & Financing – risks related to debt, funding, financing and interest rates, financial investments. Corporate Activity and Growth – risks related to restructuring, M&As, joint ventures, execution of corporate strategy, strategic alliances. 2. Legal & Regulatory Litigation and Legal Liabilities – risks related to litigation/ lawsuits against the company. Regulation – risks related to compliance, GDPR, and new legislation. Environmental / Social – risks related to environmental regulation and to data privacy. Taxation & Government Incentives – risks related to taxation and changes in government incentives. 3. Production Costs – risks related to costs of production including commodity prices, future contracts, inventory. Supply Chain – risks related to the company’s suppliers. Manufacturing – risks related to the company’s manufacturing process including product quality and product recalls. Human Capital – risks related to recruitment, training and retention of key employees, employee relationships & unions labor disputes, pension, and post retirement benefits, medical, health and welfare benefits, employee misconduct, employee litigation. 4. Technology & Innovation Innovation / R&D – risks related to innovation and new product development. Technology – risks related to the company’s reliance on technology. Cyber Security – risks related to securing the company’s digital assets and from cyber attacks. Trade Secrets & Patents – risks related to the company’s ability to protect its intellectual property and to infringement claims against the company as well as piracy and unlicensed copying. 5. Ability to Sell Demand – risks related to the demand of the company’s goods and services including seasonality, reliance on key customers. Competition – risks related to the company’s competition including substitutes. Sales & Marketing – risks related to sales, marketing, and distribution channels, pricing, and market penetration. Brand & Reputation – risks related to the company’s brand and reputation. 6. Macro & Political Economy & Political Environment – risks related to changes in economic and political conditions. Natural and Human Disruptions – risks related to catastrophes, floods, storms, terror, earthquakes, coronavirus pandemic/COVID-19. International Operations – risks related to the global nature of the company. Capital Markets – risks related to exchange rates and trade, cryptocurrency.