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Icahn Enterprises (IEP) Risk Analysis
Risk Overview Q1, 2026
Source: the company's latest filing for the period ended Mar 31, 2026, filed May 06, 2026
Risk Change Over Time
- Natural and Human Disruptions - Risk 1The COVID-19 pandemic had, and any future Future pandemics may have, have a material adverse impact on our and our subsidiaries' operations and financial performance, as well as on the operations and financial performance of many of the customers and suppliers in our operating segments. We are unable to predict the extent to which future pandemics and related impacts will adversely impact our business operations, financial performance, results of operations, and financial position.
Future pandemics may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in the risk factors set forth herein. In particular, see the risk factors: "We are a holding company and depend on the businesses of our subsidiaries to satisfy our obligations"; "To service our indebtedness, we will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to maintain our current cash position or generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control"; "We have made significant investments in the Investment Funds and negative performance of the Investment Funds may result in a significant decline in the value of our investments"; "We need qualified personnel to manage and operate our various businesses"; "Global economic conditions may have adverse impacts on our businesses and financial condition"; and "Our Energy segment's businesses are, and commodity prices are, cyclical and highly volatile, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows." The extent to which any future pandemic may negatively impact our business and operations will depend on the severity, location, and duration of the effects and spread of such pandemic and the emergence of new variants, the actions undertaken by national, regional, and local governments and health officials to contain such virus or remedy its effects, and if, how quickly and to what extent economic conditions recover and normal business and operating conditions resume. Further, future pandemics may affect our operating and financial results in a manner that is not presently known to us or that we currently do not expect to present significant risks to our operations or financial results.
Risk Highlights Q1, 2026
Risk Word Cloud
Risk Factors Full Breakdown - Total Risks 59
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 1Our general partner, and its control person, has significant influence over us, and sales by our controlling unitholder pursuant to a margin call or otherwise could cause our unit price or the value of our assets in the Investment Funds to decline or otherwise impact our liquidity.
Mr. Icahn, through affiliates, owns 100% of Icahn Enterprises GP, the general partner of Icahn Enterprises, and approximately 86% of Icahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units as of December 31, 2025, and, as a result, has the ability to influence many aspects of our operations and affairs. Mr. Icahn's estate plan has been designed to assure the stability and continuation of Icahn Enterprises and to minimize the need to monetize his interests for estate tax or other purposes. In the event of Mr. Icahn's death, a substantial majority of Mr. Icahn's interests in Icahn Enterprises and its general partner are expected to pass to trusts or charitable organizations that will be under the control of a group that will include Icahn family members and current or former senior Icahn Enterprises executives. However, there can be no assurance that such planning will be effective. Furthermore, if upon Mr. Icahn's death control of Icahn Enterprises GP is not given to Brett Icahn, Brett Icahn will have the right to terminate the manager agreement between Brett Icahn and Icahn Enterprises. In addition, it is currently anticipated that Brett Icahn will succeed Carl Icahn as Chairman of the board of Icahn Enterprises GP and as Chief Executive Officer of the Investment segment following the end of the 7-year term of the manager agreement or earlier if Carl Icahn should so determine. In addition, in past years through the present, Mr. Icahn from time to time has had and currently has borrowings from lenders and has pledged assets he owns personally, directly or through his affiliates, to secure these loans, which pledged assets include Icahn Enterprises depositary units and interests in the Investment Funds. The number of depositary units and the amount of interests in the Investment Funds owned personally by Mr. Icahn, directly or through his affiliates, pledged to secure these loans has been substantial and has fluctuated over time as a result of the amount of outstanding principal amount of the loans, the market price of the depositary units, the value of the Investment Fund interests, and other factors. As of December 31, 2025, Mr. Icahn and his affiliates have pledged 549,400,539 depositary units and approximately $568 million of interests in the Investment Funds. Neither Icahn Enterprises nor any of its subsidiaries are party to these loans. Mr. Icahn amended and restated his loan agreements in July of 2023 (as amended and restated, the "Loan Agreement"). On August 13, 2025, Mr. Icahn and his affiliates entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Loan Agreement ("Amendment No. 3"). Among other changes, Amendment No. 3 extended the maturity of the Loan Agreement to July 2028 and correspondingly extended the payment due dates under the Loan Agreement and amended certain covenants. In connection with Amendment No. 3, Mr. Icahn paid approximately $300 million to the principal of the loan. As of the date of Amendment No. 3, in connection with the Loan Agreement, Mr. Icahn has pledged (i) depositary units of IEP owned by Mr. Icahn, (ii) interests owned by Mr. Icahn in the Investment Funds, and (iii) certain other collateral unrelated to IEP or the Investment Funds. Neither IEP nor any of its subsidiaries is a party to the Loan Agreement or the amendments to the Loan Agreement. The terms of the Loan Agreement require that distributions paid upon, or proceeds from sales of, pledged depositary units be used to prepay the loans or be pledged as additional collateral. Pursuant to the terms of the Loan Agreement, a margin call may only be triggered in the event that the loan-to-value ratio set forth in the Loan Agreement is not maintained. Unlike the previous loan agreements, for purposes of the loan-to-value ratio set forth in the Loan Agreement, the value of the pledged depositary units will be calculated based upon the Company's indicative net asset value rather than the market price of the depositary units. Only a significant decline in the Company's indicative net asset value, or the value of the interests in the Investment Funds, could result in margin calls. Declines in the trading price of the Company's depositary units will no longer require Mr. Icahn to deposit additional funds or securities with the lenders or suffer foreclosure on or a forced sale of Mr. Icahn's depositary units or other assets. While we are confident in our investment strategy and ability to continue to grow our investment portfolio through a refocused activist strategy, and in the effectiveness of our hedges, which are designed to avoid fluctuations in the value of our portfolio, successful execution of our activist investment activities and other aspects of our business involves many risks (including those set forth herein), some of which are out of our control. Mr. Icahn may sell depositary units or make withdrawals from the Investment Funds in order to satisfy payment obligations under the Loan Agreement. Mr. Icahn has made withdrawals from the Investment Funds in recent months, and may make additional withdrawals in the future, in order to repay a portion of his loans and for other purposes. In the event Mr. Icahn makes withdrawal requests from the Investment Funds, the Investment Funds may satisfy such withdrawal requests with cash or cash equivalents on hand, proceeds from sales of assets held by the Investment Funds or capital contributions from the Company, which could adversely affect the value of the assets held by the Investment Funds as well as the liquidity available to the Company. The affirmative vote of unitholders holding more than 75% of the total number of all depositary units then outstanding, including depositary units held by Icahn Enterprises GP and its affiliates, is required to remove Icahn Enterprises GP as the general partner of Icahn Enterprises. Mr. Icahn, through affiliates, holds approximately 86% of Icahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units. If sales of depositary units held by Mr. Icahn and his affiliates, as a result of a margin call, foreclosure, changes in tax laws, changes to his estate, or otherwise, were to cause Mr. Icahn and his affiliates to no longer hold at least 25% of the outstanding depositary units, Icahn Enterprises GP could potentially be removed as the general partner of Icahn Enterprises without Mr. Icahn's consent. Sales of a substantial number of depositary units held by Mr. Icahn and his affiliates could have a negative impact on the market price of our depositary units. Likewise, the market may anticipate sales by Mr. Icahn or his estate even if Mr. Icahn or his estate is not selling, or has no plans to sell, depositary units.
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 2We have engaged, and in the future may engage, in transactions with our affiliates.
We have invested and may in the future invest in entities in which Mr. Icahn also invests. We also have purchased and may in the future purchase entities or investments from him or his affiliates. Although Icahn Enterprises GP has never received fees in connection with our investments, our partnership agreement allows for the payment of these fees. Mr. Icahn may pursue other business opportunities in industries in which we compete and there is no requirement that any additional business opportunities be presented to us. We continuously identify, evaluate and engage in discussions concerning potential investments and acquisitions, including potential investments in and acquisitions of affiliates of Mr. Icahn. There cannot be any assurance that any potential transactions that we consider will be completed.
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 3Tax gain or loss on the disposition of our depositary units could be more or less than expected.
If our unitholders sell their units, they will recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and their tax basis in those units. Any distributions to our unitholders that were in excess of the total net taxable income our unitholders were allocated for a unit will decrease their tax basis in that unit. As a result of the reduced basis, a unitholder will recognize a greater amount of income if the unit is later sold for an amount greater than such unit's basis. A portion of the amount realized, whether or not representing gain, may be ordinary income to the selling unitholder due to potential recapture items. In addition, because the amount realized includes a unitholder's share of our nonrecourse liabilities, a unitholder who sells units may incur a tax liability in excess of the amount of cash received from the sale.
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 4Non-U.S. persons may be subject to withholding regimes and U.S. federal income tax on certain income they may earn from holding or disposing of our units.
Distributions to non-U.S. persons will be reduced by withholding taxes at the highest applicable effective tax rate, and non-U.S. persons will be required to file U.S. federal income tax returns and pay tax on their share of our taxable income. Withholding taxes may also apply to proceeds received from a sale, exchange or other disposition of our units.
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 5Our unitholders likely will be subject to state and local taxes and return filing or withholding requirements in states in which they do not live as a result of investing in our units.
In addition to U.S. federal income taxes, our unitholders will likely be subject to other taxes, such as state and local income taxes, unincorporated business taxes and estate, inheritance, or intangible taxes that are imposed by the various jurisdictions in which we do business or own property. Our unitholders may be required to file state and local income tax returns and pay state and local income taxes in certain of these various jurisdictions. Further, our unitholders may be subject to penalties for failure to comply with those requirements. We own property and conduct business in Florida, Massachusetts, Nevada and New York. It is each unitholder's responsibility to file all federal, state and local tax returns. Our counsel has not rendered an opinion on the state and local tax consequences of an investment in our units.
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 6We prorate our items of income, gain, loss and deduction between transferors and transferees of our units based upon the ownership of our units at the close of business on the last day of each month, instead of on the basis of the date a particular unit is transferred. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could change the allocation of items of income, gain, loss and deduction among our unitholders.
We prorate our items of income, gain, loss and deduction between transferors and transferees of our units based upon the ownership of our units on the first business day of each month, instead of on the basis of the date a particular unit is transferred. The U.S. Treasury Department adopted final Treasury regulations that provide that publicly traded partnerships may use a similar monthly simplifying convention to allocate tax items among transferor and transferee unitholders. Nonetheless, the final regulations do not specifically authorize the use of the proration method we have adopted. If the IRS were to challenge this method, we may be required to change the allocation of items of income, gain, loss and deduction among our unitholders.
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 7A unitholder whose units are loaned to a "short seller" to cover a short sale of units may be considered as having disposed of those units. If so, such unitholder would no longer be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a partner with respect to those units during the period of the loan and may recognize gain or loss from the disposition.
Because a unitholder whose units are loaned to a "short seller" to cover a short sale of units may be considered as having disposed of the loaned units, he or she may no longer be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a partner with respect to those units during the period of the loan to the short seller and the unitholder may recognize gain or loss from such disposition. Moreover, during the period of the loan to the short seller, any of our income, gain, loss or deduction with respect to those units may not be reportable by the unitholder and any cash distributions received by the unitholder as to those units could be fully taxable as ordinary income. Our counsel has not rendered an opinion regarding the treatment of a unitholder where units are loaned to a short seller to cover a short sale of units; therefore, unitholders desiring to assure their status as partners and avoid the risk of gain recognition from a loan to a short seller are urged to modify any applicable brokerage account agreements to prohibit their brokers from borrowing their units.
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 8We are a limited partnership and a "controlled company" within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules and as such are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements.
We are a limited partnership and "controlled company" pursuant to Rule 5615(c) of the Nasdaq listing rules. As such we have elected, and intend to continue to elect, not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq listing rules, including the requirements that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors and that independent directors determine the compensation of executive officers and the selection of nominees to the board of directors. We do not maintain a compensation or nominating committee and do not have a majority of independent directors. Accordingly, while we remain a controlled company and during any transition period following a time when we are no longer a controlled company, the Nasdaq listing rules do not provide the same corporate governance protections applicable to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq listing requirements.
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 9Holders of Icahn Enterprises' depositary units have limited voting rights, including rights to participate in our management.
Our general partner manages and operates Icahn Enterprises. Unlike the holders of common stock in a corporation, holders of Icahn Enterprises' outstanding depositary units have only limited voting rights on matters affecting our business. Holders of depositary units have no right to elect the general partner on an annual or other continuing basis, and our general partner generally may not be removed except pursuant to the vote of the holders of not less than 75% of the outstanding depositary units. In addition, removal of the general partner may result in a default under the indentures governing our senior notes. As a result, holders of our depositary units have limited say in matters affecting our operations and others may find it difficult to attempt to gain control or influence our activities.
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 10Since we are a limited partnership, you may not be able to pursue legal claims against us in U.S. federal courts.
We are a limited partnership organized under the laws of the state of Delaware. Under the federal rules of civil procedure, you may not be able to sue us in federal court on claims other than those based solely on federal law, because of lack of complete diversity. Case law applying diversity jurisdiction deems us to have the citizenship of each of our limited partners. Because we are a publicly traded limited partnership, it may not be possible for you to sue us in a federal court because we have citizenship in all 50 U.S. states and operations in many states. Accordingly, you will be limited to bringing any claims in state court.
- Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 11Future cash distributions to Icahn Enterprises' unitholders, if any, can be affected by numerous factors.
While we made cash distributions to Icahn Enterprises' unitholders in each of the four quarters of 2025, the payment of future distributions will be determined by the board of directors of Icahn Enterprises GP, our general partner, quarterly, based on a review of a number of factors, including those described below and other factors that it deems relevant at the time that declaration of a distribution is considered. Our ability to pay distributions will depend on numerous factors, including the availability of adequate cash flow from operations; the proceeds, if any, from divestitures; our capital requirements and other obligations; restrictions contained in our financing arrangements, including the indentures governing our senior notes; and our issuances of additional equity and debt securities. As of December 31, 2025, Mr. Icahn and his affiliates owned approximately 86% of our outstanding depositary units, and he has generally elected to take his quarterly distribution in units instead of cash. For the quarterly distribution paid in December of 2025, Mr. Icahn elected to take his distributions in a mix of cash and units, and we anticipate that Mr. Icahn will elect to take his distributions in a mix of cash and units with respect to future distributions, which could further reduce the ability of the Company to maintain its current or historical cash distribution amounts. The availability of cash flow in the future depends as well upon events and circumstances outside our control, including prevailing economic and industry conditions and financial, business and similar factors. No assurance can be given that we will be able to make distributions or as to the timing of any distribution. Even if distributions are made, there can be no assurance that holders of depositary units will not be required to recognize taxable income in excess of cash distributions made in respect of the period in which a distribution is made.
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