Dana Incorporated (DAN) Risk Analysis

Our financial performance is directly related to production levels of our customers. In several of our markets, customer production levels are prone to significant cyclicality, influenced by general economic conditions, changing consumer preferences, regulatory changes, and other factors. Oftentimes the rapidity of the downcycles and upcycles can be severe. Successfully executing operationally during periods of extreme downward and upward demand pressures can be challenging. Our inability to recognize and react appropriately to the production cycles inherent in our markets can adversely impact our operating results.

A substantial portion of our annual cost of sales is driven by the purchase of goods and services. To manage and minimize these costs, we have been consolidating our supplier base. As a result, we are dependent on single sources of supply for some components of our products. We select our suppliers based on total value (including price, delivery and quality), taking into consideration their production capacities and financial condition, and we expect that they will be able to support our needs. However, there is no assurance that adverse financial conditions, including bankruptcies of our suppliers, reduced levels of production, natural disasters or other problems experienced by our suppliers will not result in shortages or delays in their supply of components to us or even in the financial collapse of one or more such suppliers. If we were to experience a significant or prolonged shortage of critical components from any of our suppliers, particularly those who are sole sources, and were unable to procure the components from other sources, we would be unable to meet our production schedules for some of our key products and to ship such products to our customers in a timely fashion, which would adversely affect our sales, profitability and customer relations. Adverse economic conditions, natural disasters and other factors can similarly lead to financial distress or production problems for other suppliers to our customers which can create disruptions to our production levels. Any such supply-chain induced disruptions to our production are likely to create operating inefficiencies that will adversely affect our sales, profitability and customer relations.

The launch of new business is a complex process, the success of which depends on a wide range of factors, including the production readiness of our manufacturing facilities and manufacturing processes and those of our suppliers, as well as factors related to tooling, equipment, employees, initial product quality and other factors. Our failure to successfully launch material new or takeover business could have an adverse effect on our profitability and results of operations.

We own important intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets, and are involved in numerous licensing arrangements. Our intellectual property plays an important role in maintaining our competitive position in a number of the markets that we serve. Our competitors may develop technologies that are similar or superior to our proprietary technologies or design around the patents we own or license. Further, as we expand our operations in jurisdictions where the protection of intellectual property rights is less robust, the risk of others duplicating our proprietary technologies increases, despite efforts we undertake to protect them. Developments or assertions by or against us relating to intellectual property rights, and any inability to protect these rights, could have a material adverse impact on our business and our competitive position.

Our provision for income taxes and the cash outlays required to satisfy our income tax obligations in the future could be adversely affected by numerous factors. These factors include changes in the level of earnings in the tax jurisdictions in which we operate, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in our plans to repatriate the earnings of our non-U.S. operations to the U.S. and changes in tax laws and regulations. Our income tax returns are subject to examination by federal, state and local tax authorities in the U.S. and tax authorities outside the U.S. The results of these examinations and the ongoing assessments of our tax exposures could also have an adverse effect on our provision for income taxes and the cash outlays required to satisfy our income tax obligations.

We have established board and executive officer oversight of sustainability matters, with additional dedicated employee resources and a cross-functional/business sustainability leadership team to further develop and implement an enterprise-wide sustainability strategy, and we have published a sustainability report. Our sustainability report includes our policies and practices on a variety of ESG matters, including GHG emission targets and performance; safety management system goals and performance; standards of business conduct; and supplier code of business conduct. These efforts may result in increased investor, media, employee, and other stakeholder attention to such initiatives, and such stakeholders may not be satisfied with our ESG practices or initiatives. Additionally, organizations that inform investors on ESG matters have developed rating systems for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG. Unfavorable ratings may lead to negative investor sentiment, which could negatively impact our stock price and our ability to access capital at competitive prices. Any failure, or perceived failure, to respond to ESG concerns could harm our business and reputation.

Our business is tied to general economic and industry conditions as demand for vehicles depends largely on the strength of the economy, employment levels, consumer confidence levels, the availability and cost of credit and the cost of fuel. These factors have had and could continue to have a substantial impact on our business. Adverse global economic conditions could also cause our customers and suppliers to experience severe economic constraints in the future, including bankruptcy, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.

There is global scientific consensus that emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) continue to alter the composition of Earth's atmosphere in ways that are affecting and are expected to continue to affect the global climate. These considerations may lead to new international, national, regional, or local legislative or regulatory responses. Various stakeholders, including legislators and regulators, shareholders, and non-governmental organizations, as well as companies in many business sectors, including Dana, are continuing to look for ways to reduce GHG emissions. The regulation of GHG emissions from certain stationary or mobile sources or the imposition of carbon pricing mechanisms could result in additional costs to Dana in the form of taxes or emission allowances, facilities improvements, and energy costs, which would increase Dana's operating costs through higher utility, transportation, and materials costs. Because the impact of any future climate change-related legislative, regulatory, or product standard requirements on Dana's global businesses and products is dependent on the timing and design of mandates or standards, Dana is unable to predict their potential impact at this time. The potential physical impacts of climate change on Dana's facilities, suppliers, and customers and therefore on Dana's operations are highly uncertain and will be particular to the circumstances developing in various geographic regions. These may include extreme weather events and long-term changes in temperature levels and water availability. These potential physical effects may adversely affect the demand for Dana's products and the cost, production, sales, and financial performance of Dana's operations. A natural disaster could disrupt our operations, or our customers' or suppliers' operations and could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Although we have continuity plans designed to mitigate the impact of natural disasters on our operations, those plans may be insufficient, and any catastrophe may disrupt our ability to manufacture and deliver products to our customers, resulting in an adverse impact on our business and results of operations. In addition, our global operations expose us to risks associated with public health crises, such as epidemics and pandemics, which could harm our business and cause our operating results to suffer. Pandemics, such as the novel coronavirus disease (COVID) pandemic, may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Efforts to combat a pandemic can be complicated by viral variants and uneven access to, and acceptance and effectiveness of, vaccines globally. Pandemics may negatively impact the global economy, disrupt our operations as well as those of our customers, suppliers, and the global supply chains in which we participate, and create significant volatility and disruption of financial markets. The extent of the impact of a pandemic on our business and financial performance, including our ability to execute our near-term and long-term operational, strategic, and capital structure initiatives, will depend on the duration and severity of the pandemic, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. We may face facility closure requirements and other operational restrictions with respect to some or all of our locations for prolonged periods of time due to, among other factors, evolving and increasingly stringent governmental restrictions including public health directives, quarantine policies or social distancing measures. We operate as part of the complex integrated global supply chains of our largest customers. As a pandemic dissipates at varying times and rates in different regions around the world, there could be a prolonged negative impact on these global supply chains. Our ability to continue operations at specific facilities will be impacted by the interdependencies of the various participants of these global supply chains, which are largely beyond our direct control. A prolonged shut down of these global supply chains would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

The mobility industry is beginning to shift away from petroleum fuel vehicles ("ICE" vehicles) and migrate to alternate fuel vehicles (as a group "EV-based vehicles"). As the market transitions from ICE vehicles to EV-based vehicles, the Company anticipates its content per vehicle opportunity will increase up to three-fold on a dollar basis. The Company's primary driveline content on ICE vehicles includes axles and driveshafts. As the market transitions to EV-based vehicles we anticipate losing driveshaft content but adding additional driveline content in the form of gearboxes, e-motors, e-axles, power electronics, and software controls. We anticipate a similar three-fold opportunity in thermal and sealing products, as current ICE-vehicle content is replaced with EV-based vehicle content including metallic bipolar plates, battery cold plates and power electronic cooling modules. With the increased content opportunity presented by EV-based vehicles, we are beginning to see increased competition when it comes to bidding on new customer programs. The number of competitors bidding on EV-based vehicle programs is higher than what we historically experienced on ICE vehicle programs. In addition, our OEM customers continue to assess which EV-based components they will vertically integrate and for which programs. A significant increase in competition for EV-based vehicle programs from existing and new market entrants could negatively impact our sales and profitability. A significant increase in vertical integration of EV-based vehicle components by our OEM customers could negatively impact our sales and profitability.

We are reliant upon sales to several significant customers. Sales to our ten largest customers accounted for 76% of our overall sales in 2025. Changes in our business relationships with any of our large customers or in the timing, size and continuation of their various programs could have a material adverse impact on us. The loss of any of these customers, the loss of business with respect to one or more of their vehicle models on which we have high component content, or a significant decline in the production levels of such vehicles would negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. Pricing pressure from our customers also poses certain risks. Inability on our part to offset pricing concessions with cost reductions would adversely affect our profitability. We are continually bidding on new business with these customers, as well as seeking to diversify our customer base, but there is no assurance that our efforts will be successful. Further, to the extent that the financial condition of our largest customers deteriorates, including possible bankruptcies, mergers or liquidations, or their sales otherwise decline, our financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The vehicular markets in which we operate are undergoing significant technological change, with increasing focus on electrified and autonomous vehicles. These and other technological advances could render certain of our products obsolete. Maintaining our competitive position is dependent on our ability to develop commercially-viable products and services that support the future technologies embraced by our customers.