Boundless Bio Inc. (BOLD) Risk Analysis

Each then-outstanding share of Serapha common stock (Serapha Common Stock) and Serapha preferred stock (together, Serapha Capital Stock) (including shares of Serapha Common Stock issued in the Serapha Pre-Closing Financing), excluding any shares to be cancelled pursuant to the Merger Agreement, will be converted into the right to receive a number of shares of Boundless Bio Common Stock, equal to the Exchange Ratio (as defined in the Merger Agreement), (ii) each then-outstanding Serapha Option will be converted into and become an Assumed Option (as defined in the Merger Agreement) on the existing terms and conditions (including with respect to vesting and accelerated vesting), subject to adjustment as set forth in the Merger Agreement, and (iii) each then-outstanding Serapha warrant, including any Serapha pre-funded warrant issued pursuant to the Serapha Pre-Closing Financing, will be converted into an Assumed Warrant (as defined in the Merger Agreement), subject to adjustment as set forth in the Merger Agreement and the form of warrant. Applying the Exchange Ratio, the former Serapha securityholders immediately before the Merger are expected to own approximately 96.31% of the aggregate number of shares of the Combined Company's capital stock following the Merger (on a fully-diluted basis, and subject to dilution from any equity issued by Serapha after June 22, 2026 and before the closing), and Boundless Bio securityholders immediately before the Merger are expected to own approximately 3.69% of the aggregate number of shares of the Combined Company capital stock following the Merger (on a fully-diluted basis), subject to certain assumptions, including, but not limited to, that Boundless Bio Net Cash (as defined in the Merger Agreement) as of Closing will be approximately $0, after giving effect to the Pre-Closing Dividend, which is expected to be approximately $44 to $48 million. Any changes in the market price of Boundless Bio Common Stock before the completion of the Merger will not affect the number of shares Serapha stockholders will be entitled to receive pursuant to the Merger Agreement. However, the Exchange Ratio remains subject to equitable adjustment as set forth in the Merger Agreement for certain changes in the capitalization of Boundless Bio or Serapha, including any stock dividend, subdivision, reclassification, recapitalization, stock split, including the Nasdaq Reverse Split (as defined in the Merger Agreement) to the extent not previously taken into account in calculating the Exchange Ratio, combination or exchange of shares or other similar change. Therefore, if before the completion of the Merger, the market price of Boundless Bio Common Stock increases from the market price on the date of the Merger Agreement, then Serapha stockholders could receive merger consideration with substantially more value for their shares of Serapha Capital Stock than the parties had negotiated when they established the Exchange Ratio. Similarly, if before the completion of the Merger, the market price of Boundless Bio Common Stock declines from the market price on the date of the Merger Agreement, then Serapha stockholders could receive merger consideration with substantially lower value. The Merger Agreement does not include a price-based termination right.

Before the Merger can be completed, Boundless Bio stockholders must approve, among other things, the Boundless Bio Stockholder Matters (as defined in the definition of "Parent Stockholder Matters" in the Merger Agreement), including the issuance of shares of Boundless Bio Common Stock representing (or convertible into) more than 20% of the shares of Boundless Bio Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time to Serapha stockholders in connection with the Contemplated Transactions, the change of control of Boundless Bio resulting from the Contemplated Transactions, the Nasdaq Reverse Split and the increase in authorized shares contemplated by the Parent Charter Amendment (as defined in the Merger Agreement). In addition, Serapha stockholders must adopt the Merger Agreement and approve the Merger and the related transactions. Failure to obtain the required stockholder approvals may result in a material delay in, or the abandonment of, the Merger. Any delay in completing the Merger may materially adversely affect the timing and benefits that are expected to be achieved from the Merger.

If the Combined Company is unable to realize the full strategic and financial benefits currently anticipated from the Merger, Boundless Bio stockholders and Serapha stockholders will have experienced substantial dilution of their ownership interests without receiving any commensurate benefit, or only receiving part of the commensurate benefit to the extent the Combined Company is able to realize only part of the strategic and financial benefits currently anticipated from the Merger.

After the completion of the Merger, Boundless Bio's current stockholders will generally own a smaller percentage of the Combined Company than their ownership of Boundless Bio prior to the Merger. Immediately after the Merger, Boundless Bio securityholders as of immediately prior to the Merger are expected to own approximately 3.69% of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Combined Company (on a fully-diluted basis, and subject to dilution from any equity issued by Serapha after June 22, 2026 and before the closing), and former holders of Serapha securities are expected to own approximately 96.31% of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Combined Company (on a fully-diluted basis), subject to certain assumptions, including, but not limited to, Boundless Bio Net Cash as of closing being approximately $0, after giving effect to the Pre-Closing Dividend, which is expected to be approximately $44 to $48 million.

The outstanding capital stock of Serapha is privately held and is not traded on any public market. The lack of a public market makes it difficult to determine the fair market value of Serapha capital stock. Because the percentage of Boundless Bio's equity to be issued to Serapha stockholders was determined based on negotiations between the parties, it is possible that the value of Boundless Bio Common Stock to be issued to Serapha stockholders will be more or less than the fair market value of Serapha Capital Stock.

The Merger Agreement provides that all of the representations, warranties and covenants of the parties contained therein shall not survive the Closing, except for those covenants contained therein that by their terms survive the Closing. Accordingly, there are no remedies available to the parties with respect to any breach of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements of the parties to the Merger Agreement after the Closing, except for covenants that by their terms survive the Closing. As a result, Boundless Bio and its stockholders will have no remedy available to it if the Merger is completed and it is later revealed that there was a breach of any of the representations, warranties and covenants made by Serapha at the time of the Merger. Additionally, Boundless Bio cannot assure you that the due diligence conducted in relation to Serapha has identified all material issues or risks associated with Serapha, its business or the industry in which it competes. Furthermore, Boundless Bio cannot assure you that factors outside of its or Serapha's control will not later arise, or that any previously identified risks will not materialize in a manner inconsistent with the preliminary analysis. As a result of these factors, following the Closing, the Combined Company may be exposed to liabilities and incur additional costs and expenses and it may be forced to later write-down or write off assets, restructure its operations, or incur impairment or other charges. Boundless Bio and its stockholders have no indemnification rights against Serapha or its stockholders under the Merger Agreement. Accordingly, any stockholders of Boundless Bio that remain stockholders of the Combined Company following the Merger could suffer a reduction in the value of their securities. Such stockholders are unlikely to have a remedy for such reduction in value unless they are able to successfully claim that the reduction was due to the breach by Boundless Bio's directors or officers of a duty of care or other fiduciary duty owed to them, or if they are able to successfully bring a private claim under securities laws that the registration statement or proxy statement/prospectus relating to the Merger contained an actionable material misstatement or material omission.

The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock, or if we fail to meet the expectations of one or more of these analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases to cover us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, interest in our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

As of December 31, 2025, our executive officers, directors, greater than 5% stockholders, and their respective affiliates, in the aggregate, owned approximately 41.4% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, such persons, acting together, have the ability to significantly influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and approval of any significant transaction. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover, or other business combinations involving us, or discouraging a potential acquiror from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our business, even if such a transaction would benefit other stockholders.

Our stock price is likely to be volatile. The stock market in general and the market for stock of biopharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their shares of our common stock at or above the price they paid to purchase them. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by those factors discussed in this "Risk Factors" section and many others, including: - results of our clinical trials and preclinical studies, and the results of trials of our competitors or those of other companies in our market sector;- our ability to enroll patients in our future clinical trials;- our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our ecDTx or additional indications thereof, or limitations to specific label indications or patient populations for their use, or changes or delays in the regulatory review process;- regulatory or legal developments in the United States and foreign countries;- changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;- the success or failure of our efforts to develop, acquire, or license additional ecDTx;- innovations, clinical trial results, product approvals, and other developments regarding our competitors;- announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;- manufacturing, supply, or distribution delays or shortages;- any changes to our relationship with any manufacturers, suppliers, collaborators, or other strategic partners;- achievement of expected product sales and profitability;- variations in our financial results or development timelines or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us, including variations from expectations of securities analysts or investors;- market conditions in the biopharmaceutical sector and issuance of securities analysts' reports or recommendations;- trading volume of our common stock;- an inability to obtain additional funding;- sales of our stock by us, our insiders, or our stockholders;- general economic, industry, geopolitical, and market conditions, such as military conflict or war, inflation and financial institution instability, or pandemic or epidemic disease outbreaks, many of which are beyond our control;- additions or departures of senior management, directors, or key personnel;- intellectual property, product liability, or other litigation against us or our inability to enforce our intellectual property;- changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities and the incurrence of additional debt; and - changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations, or principles. In addition, in the past, stockholders have initiated class action lawsuits against biopharmaceutical companies following periods of volatility in the market prices of these companies' stock. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could cause us to incur substantial costs, divert our management's attention and resources, and damage our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

Prior to our IPO, there was no public market for our common stock. Our common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Global Select Market (Nasdaq) in late March 2024, and we can provide no assurance that an active trading market for our common stock will be sustained. If an active market for our common stock is not sustained, it may impair your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other businesses or technologies using our shares as consideration, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business. If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our common stock. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our common stock, prevent our common stock from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement, or prevent future non-compliance with the listing requirements of Nasdaq.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine; provided, that, this provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation also provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States are the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. These choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees and result in increased costs for investors to bring a claim. By agreeing to this provision, however, stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies' certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable. If a court were to find the choice of forum provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could significantly reduce the value of our shares to a potential acquiror or delay or prevent changes in control or changes in our management without the consent of our board of directors. The provisions in our charter documents include the following: - a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which may delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;- that the total number of directors on our board of directors is established by our board of directors, which may delay the ability of stockholders to change the composition of a majority of our board of directors;- no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;- the exclusive right of our board of directors to fill any vacancy on our board of directors however occurring, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors, subject to any special rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock;- no director may be removed from office except for cause and, in addition to any other vote required by law, upon the approval of at least 66-2/3% of the voting power of all of our then outstanding shares of our voting stock entitled to vote at an election of directors, subject to any special rights of the holders of any then outstanding series of preferred stock;- the ability of our board of directors to authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquiror;- the ability of our board of directors to amend or repeal our amended and restated bylaws without obtaining stockholder approval;- the required approval of at least 66-2/3% of the then outstanding shares entitled to vote to adopt, amend, or repeal our amended and restated bylaws or repeal the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors;- a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders;- an exclusive forum provision providing that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for certain actions and proceedings;- that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by or at the direction of our board of directors, the chair of our board of directors, our chief executive officer, or our president, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; and - advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders' meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquiror's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. We are also subject to the anti-takeover provisions contained in Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, under which a corporation may not engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other exceptions, the board of directors has approved the transaction.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (JOBS Act), and may remain an emerging growth company until the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our IPO, or December 31, 2029. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we become a "large accelerated filer", as defined under the Exchange Act, our annual gross revenue exceeds $1.235 billion, or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to December 31, 2029. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include: - being permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements, in addition to any required unaudited interim financial statements, with correspondingly reduced "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" disclosure;- not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley Act);- not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor's report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements, unless the SEC determines the new rules are necessary for protecting the public;- reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; and - exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We have taken advantage of reduced reporting burdens in this report. In particular, in this report, we have provided only two years of audited financial statements and have not included all of the executive compensation-related information that would be required if we were not an emerging growth company. Investors may find our common stock less attractive because we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be reduced or more volatile. In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of these accounting standards until they would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption and, therefore, we may not be subject to new or revised accounting standards at the same time that they become applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies. We intend to rely on other exemptions provided by the JOBS Act, including without limitation, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We are also a smaller reporting company as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an emerging growth company. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies and will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year, and our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

As of December 31, 2025, 4,578,055 shares of our outstanding common stock, or 20.4%, were held by our directors, executive officers, and other affiliates. Such shares may be sold under Rule 144 under the Securities Act, subject to volume limitations. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur could significantly reduce the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise adequate capital through the sale of additional equity securities. The holders of 4,193,340 shares of our outstanding common stock, or approximately 18.7% of our total outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2025, may have registration rights that entitle such holders to require us to register their shares for resale under the Securities Act. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares held by affiliates, as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Any sales of securities by these stockholders, or the registration of such shares, could also significantly reduce the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise adequate capital through the sale of additional equity securities. In addition, in the future, we may issue additional shares of common stock, or other equity or debt securities convertible into common stock, in connection with a financing, acquisition, employee arrangement, or otherwise. For example, in April 2025, we entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM with Jefferies LLC under which we may sell shares of our common stock in "at the market" (ATM) offerings through or to Jefferies, as sales agent or principal, and pursuant to the prospectus for the ATM offering, we may sell shares from time to time having an aggregate offering price of up to $14.5 million. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause the price of our common stock to decline.