Advent Technologies Holdings (ADNH) Risk Analysis

We will have the ability to redeem outstanding public warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant, provided that the last reported sales price of our common stock equals or exceeds $540.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date we send the notice of redemption to the warrant holders. If and when the public warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right when the registration statement to which this prospectus forms a part comes into effect with respect to the shares of common stock underlying such warrants. Redemption of the outstanding public warrants could force you to: (1) exercise your warrants and pay the related exercise price at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so; (2) sell your warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your warrants; or (3) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding public warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of your warrants. None of the placement warrants or working capital warrants will be redeemable by us for cash so long as they are held by our sponsor or its permitted transferees.

The trading price of our common stock is likely to be volatile. The stock market recently has experienced extreme volatility. This volatility often has been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. You may not be able to resell your shares of our common stock at an attractive price due to a number of factors such as those listed in "Risk Factors Relating to Our Operations and Business" and the following: - results of operations that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and investors;- results of operations that vary from our competitors;- changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates and investment recommendations by securities analysts and investors;- declines in the market prices of stocks generally;- strategic actions by us or our competitors;- announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, joint ventures, other strategic relationships or capital commitments;- any significant change in our management;- changes in general economic or market conditions or trends in our industry or markets;- changes in business or regulatory conditions, including new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;- future sales of our common stock or other securities;- investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our common stock relative to other investment alternatives;- the public's response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;- litigation involving us, our industry, or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;- guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance;- the development and sustainability of an active trading market for our common stock;- actions by institutional or activist stockholders;- changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles; and - other events or factors, including those resulting from pandemics, natural disasters, war, acts of terrorism or responses to these events. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common stock is low. In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

The price of our securities may vary significantly due to factors specific to our business as well as to general market or economic conditions. Furthermore, an active trading market for our securities may never develop or, if developed, it may not be sustained. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established and sustained.

The second amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on its behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of its directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, (3) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the second amended and restated certificate of incorporation or the amended and restated bylaws or (4) any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware), in all cases subject to the court having jurisdiction over indispensable parties named as defendants. The second amended and restated certificate of incorporation also provides that the federal district courts of the U.S. will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. The exclusive forum provision is applicable to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, subject to certain exceptions. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. We note, however, that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision and that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for state and federal courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision. This exclusive-forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. If a court were to find the exclusive-forum provision be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could harm its results of operations.

Our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws, and the Delaware General Corporation Law ("DGCL"), contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors and therefore depress the trading price of our common stock. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions regarding: - a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;- the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock, including "blank check" preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;- the limitation of the liability of, and the indemnification of, our directors and officers;- the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;- the requirement that directors may only be removed from our board of directors for cause;- a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of stockholders and could delay the ability of stockholders to force consideration of a stockholder proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;- the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by our board of directors, the chairperson of our board of directors, our chief executive officer or our president (in the absence of a chief executive officer), which could delay the ability of stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;- controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings;- the requirement for the affirmative vote of holders of at least 65% of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the voting stock, voting together as a single class, to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision of the second amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may inhibit the ability of an acquirer to effect such amendments to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt;- the ability of our board of directors to amend the amended and restated bylaws, which may allow our board of directors to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the amended and restated bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and - advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders' meeting, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of surviving entity. These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management. In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we will be subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the DGCL, which may generally prohibit certain stockholders holding 15% or more of our outstanding capital stock from engaging in certain business combinations with us for a specified period of time unless certain conditions are met. Any provision of the second amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control could limit the opportunity for stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our capital stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

If our common stock were removed from listing with The Nasdaq Capital Market, it may be subject to the so-called "penny stock" rules. The SEC has adopted regulations that define a "penny stock" to be any equity security that has a market price per share of less than $5.00, subject to certain exceptions, such as any securities listed on a national securities exchange, which is the exception on which we currently rely. For any transaction involving a "penny stock," unless exempt, the rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers, subject to certain exceptions. If our common stock were delisted and determined to be a "penny stock," a broker-dealer may find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock on the secondary market.

Our securities, including common stocks and warrants, are currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. However, we cannot assure you that our securities will continue to be listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market in the future. In order to continue listing our securities on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we must maintain certain financial, distribution and stock price levels. Generally, we must maintain a minimum amount in stockholders' equity (generally $2,500,000) and a minimum number of holders of our securities (generally 300 public holders). Additionally, we are required to demonstrate compliance with other Nasdaq's continued listing requirements in order to continue to maintain the listing of our securities on the Nasdaq Capital Market. In the past, we have received deficiency letters from Nasdaq regarding our failure to satisfy continued listing requirements and are currently not in compliance with all such requirements. On May 24, 2023, the Company received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Staff (the "Staff") of Nasdaq Stock Market LLC ("Nasdaq") indicating that the bid price of the Common Stock had closed below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days and, as a result, the Company was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), which sets forth the minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market (the "Minimum Bid Requirement"). On May 13, 2024, the Company effectuated the Reverse Stock Split, and our Common Stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on the Nasdaq Capital Market at the opening of trading on May 14, 2024, in an effort to comply with the Minimum Bid Requirement. The Company has since received confirmation from Nasdaq that it has met the Minimum Bid Requirement. On April 17, 2024, we received a letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that it is not in compliance with the periodic reporting requirements for continued listing set forth Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) (the "Timely Report Requirement") due to the fact that this Annual Report on Form 10-K was not filed by the required due date of March 31, 2024 (the "10-K Delinquency Letter"). Additionally, on May 24, 2024, we received a letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that it is not in compliance with the periodic requirements for continued listing set forth Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) due to the fact that the Company did not file its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 (the "First Quarter 10-Q") by the required due date of May 14, 2024 (the "Q1 10-Q Delinquency Letter"). Further, on November 22, 2024, we received a letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that it is not in compliance with the Timely Reporting Requirement due to the fact that the Company did not file its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024 (the "Third Quarter 10-Q") by the required due date of November 20, 2024 (the "Q2 10-Q Delinquency Letter"). The Company submitted compliance plans to Nasdaq setting forth its plan to file both this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the First Quarter 10-Q and the Third Quarter 10-Q. The Company filed its Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 13, 2024, its First Quarter 10-Q on October 15, 2024 and its Third Quarter 10-Q on December 27, 2024. Additionally, on October 18, 2024, we received a letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that since the Company's Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2024, reported stockholders' equity of ($2,879,000), and as of the date of such letter the Company did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, the Company is no longer in compliance with Nasdaq's Listing Rule requiring the Company to maintain a minimum of $2,500,000 in stockholders' equity for continued listing. The Company submitted a compliance plan and supplement to Nasdaq setting forth its plan to increase its stockholders' equity and is working to regain compliance with this requirement. We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet Nasdaq's continued listing requirements at all times. If Nasdaq delists our securities from trading on its exchange and we are not able to list our securities on another national securities exchange, we expect our securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including: - a limited availability of market quotations for its securities;- reduced liquidity for its securities;- a determination that our common stock is a "penny stock" which will require brokers trading in the common stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities;- a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and - a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our businesses. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us or our business, the trading price for our common stock could be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our securities or publish unfavorable research about our businesses, or if our operating results do not meet analyst expectations, the trading price of our common stock would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our common stock price and trading volume to decline.