Borqs Technologies (BRQSF) Risk Analysis

On December 13, 2022, Borqs Technologies received a letter from the Department of the Treasury on behalf of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) stating that the Company is required to fully divest its ownership interests and rights in HHE due to HHE's solar energy storage system and EnergyShare technology for Multi-Dwelling Residential Units being deemed a potential national security risk. On December 31, 2022, the Company resolved that in order to comply fully with the requirements of the CFIUS Letter which involve multiple steps that the Company must adhere to, including: (i) Entering into a National Security Agreement with various departments of the US government with a plan that is effective, monitorable and verifiable to divest Borqs' investment interests and rights in HHE; (ii) Selection of a trustee and entering into a Divestment Trust Agreement, and assigning the Company's interest in HHE to the trustee; and, (iii) Selection of a nationally recognized investment bank as the exclusive agent for the divestment of HHE. Besides, the Group also resolved that as of December 31, 2022, terminates its control of HHE by (i) removal of all of the Group's representatives from HHE's Board of Directors, (ii) relinquishment of Class A Membership Unit voting rights, and (iii) reduction of the Group's ownership of HHE from 51% down to 49% by assigning 2% of the ownership back to HHE. By taking the above actions, the Company no longer has a controlling interest in HHE and resulting in the deconsolidation of HHE as of December 31, 2022. On March 16, 2023, the Company and HHE entered into a National Security Agreement ("NSA") with the Department of Defense and the Department of the Treasury. The NSA provides that the divestment shall occur within six months unless extended by the U.S. Government. The NSA also contains standstill provisions which provide that the Company shall not acquire any additional ownership interest in HHE, merge with or into HHE, effect any changes to the rights held by the Company, except as necessary to effect its obligations under the NSA, or acquire or take possession of any assets of HHE. Further, upon the completion of the Divestment, the Company shall terminate or irrevocably waive any information, consent, board appointment, board observer, or other governance rights held by the Company, except for any rights that are determined by the U.S. Government to be necessary to effect the provisions of the NSA. The NSA outlines the steps to be taken concerning the Divestment: engaging a nationally recognized investment bank with experience in administering competitive sales and auction processes; assigning and hiring of security and monitoring personnel to directly communicate with the U.S. Government; removing all of Borqs' administrative and technical influence over HHE; and creating a plan to divest all of Borqs' investment interests and rights in HHE. Pursuant to the requirement of the NSA, Borqs has assigned its interests in HHE into a Divestment Trust according to a Divestment Trust Agreement ("DTA") dated March 20, 2023 entered into between Borqs, HHE, and a trustee. In May 2023, the Company engaged Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. ("Cantor Fitzgerald") as its exclusive financial advisor concerning the divestment of the Company's ownership in HHE. The divestment of the Company's ownership in Holu Hou Energy LLC has been completed as of March 6, 2024. The Company received a letter dated September 4, 2024, from the Department of the Treasury and the Department of Defense (the "CFIUS Monitoring Agencies" or "CMAs") notifying the Company that the CMAs were satisfied that the Divestment required by the NSA had been effectuated and that the NSA was terminated.

Our operations in China are governed by PRC government laws and regulations. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, prior court decisions have limited precedential value. Borqs Beijing is generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investments in China and, in particular, laws applicable to wholly foreign-owned enterprises, and our other wholly owned subsidiaries in China may be subject to certain laws and regulations in connection with investments made by foreign-invested enterprises. Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited volume of published decisions and their nonbinding nature, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all) that may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until some time after the violation. Moreover, some regulatory requirements issued by certain PRC government authorities may not be consistently applied by other government authorities, including local government authorities, thus making strict compliance with all regulatory requirements impractical or, in some circumstances, impossible. Any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and the diversion of resources and management attention. Additionally, some of the PRC laws and regulations governing our business operations in China are vague and their official interpretation and enforcement may involve substantial uncertainty. These include, but are not limited to, laws and regulations governing our business and the enforcement and performance of our contractual arrangements in the event of the imposition of statutory liens, death, bankruptcy and criminal proceedings. Despite their uncertainty, we will be required to comply.

We are subject to anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws in the United States, United Kingdom, China, and India that prohibit certain improper payments made directly or indirectly to government departments, agencies, and instrumentalities; officials of those government departments, agencies, and instrumentalities; political parties and their officials; candidates for political office; officials of public international organizations; persons acting on behalf of the foregoing; and commercial counterparties. These laws include the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, the PRC Criminal Law, the PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Law, the Indian Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, the Indian Penal Code, and anti-corruption laws in various Indian states. We are engaged in business in a number of countries that are regarded as posing significant risks of corruption. Of particular note, we conduct operations, have agreements with state-controlled enterprises and other third parties, and make sales in the PRC, and we have research and development activities in India, each of which may be exposed to corruption risk. It is our policy to implement safeguards and procedures to prohibit these practices by our employees, officers, directors, or by third parties acting on our behalf. However, we cannot rule out the risk that any of our employees, officers, directors, or third parties acting on our behalf may engage in breaches of our policies or anti-corruption laws, for which we might be held responsible. Allegations of violations of these anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, and investigations into such allegations, could negatively affect our reputation, business, operating results, and financial condition. The violation of these laws may result in substantial monetary and even criminal sanctions, follow-on civil litigation (such as shareholder derivative suits), and monitoring of our compliance program by the United States or other governments, each of which could negatively affect our reputation, business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, the United States or other governments may seek to hold us liable for violations of these laws committed by companies in which we invest or acquire.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes, and prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations, and rules are not always uniform, and the enforcement of these laws, regulations, and rules involves uncertainties. The enforcement of laws and that rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice and the risk that the Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares. We cannot rule out the possibility that the PRC government will institute a licensing regime or pre-approval requirement covering our industry at some point in the future. If such a licensing regime or approval requirement were introduced, we cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain any newly required license promptly, or at all, which could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations. From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published on time or at all) that may have retroactive effects. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until some time after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual property (including intellectual property), and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

On March 15, 2019, the National People's Congress promulgated the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the three existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The existing foreign-invested enterprises, or FIEs, established prior to the effectiveness of the Foreign Investment Law may keep their corporate forms for five years. The Foreign Investment Law stipulates that China implements the management system of pre-establishment national treatment plus a negative list to foreign investment, and the government generally will not expropriate foreign investment, except under certain special circumstances, in which case it will provide fair and reasonable compensation to foreign investors. Foreign investors are barred from investing in prohibited industries on the negative list and must comply with the specified requirements when investing in restricted industries on such a list. On December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementing Regulations of the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020, and further requires that FIEs and domestic enterprises be treated equally with respect to policy making and implementation. In addition, the Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries deemed to be either "restricted" or "prohibited" in the "negative list." The current Special Administrative Measures for Market Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2021 Edition) was issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, and the Ministry of Commerce on December 27, 2021, and took effect on January 1, 2022. Furthermore, on December 19, 2020, the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce jointly issued the Measures for Security Review of Foreign Investment, effective on January 18, 2021, which provides detailed guidance regarding the security review of foreign investment that has a potential impact on national security. However, there remain a number of unclear issues under the Measures. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to comply with any of these or similar regulatory compliance requirements could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and business operations. The PRC Company Law (the "Company Law"), promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on December 29, 1993, was recently amended on December 29, 2023, and became effective on July 1, 2024. The Company Law provides new requirements for the time limit for the contribution of capital, the company's organizational structure, corporate governance, and the rights and obligations of shareholders, which also apply to foreign investment enterprises in the PRC. Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the Company Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and business operations. Under the Foreign Investment Law, "foreign investment" means any foreign investor's direct or indirect investment in the PRC, including: (i) establishing FIEs in the PRC either individually or jointly with other investors; (ii) obtaining stock shares, stock equity, property shares, other similar interests in Chinese domestic enterprises; (iii) investing in new project in the PRC either individually or jointly with other investors; and (iv) investing other means provided by laws, administrative regulations or State Council provisions. Although the Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify the contractual arrangements, as a form of foreign investment, it contains a catch-all provision under the definition of "foreign investment," which includes investments made by foreign investors in China through other means stipulated by laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council without elaboration on the meaning of "other means." However, the Implementing Regulations of the Foreign Investment Law still do not specify whether foreign investment includes contractual arrangements.

As of the date of annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries, (1) are not required to obtain permissions from any PRC authorities to operate or issue our Ordinary Shares to foreign investors, (2) are not subject to permission requirements from the CSRC, CAC or any other entity that is required to approve of our PRC subsidiaries' operations, and (3) have not received or were denied such permissions by any PRC authorities. Nevertheless, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the "Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law," or the Opinions, which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. Given the current PRC regulatory environment, it is uncertain when and whether we or our PRC subsidiaries will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. Further, since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, and the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operation, the ability to accept foreign investments and list on an U.S. exchange. If, (i) we inadvertently conclude that such approvals or permissions are not required, or (ii) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain such approvals and permissions in the future, and we are unable to obtain such approvals and permissions, Borqs will not be able to perform R&D and manufacturing in China, our revenues will be adversely affected and we will have to expand our R&D activities in India and relocate our manufacturing activities outside China to India or other Asian countries. Also, if applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change, and we are required to obtain permission or approval from the PRC authority for the offering and listing or trading of our Ordinary Shares in the U.S. in the future, and if any of such permission or approval were not received maintained, or subsequently rescinded, it may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to list our shares or cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or become worthless.

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects that you should consider before making a decision to invest in our ordinary share and warrants, including risks and uncertainties, among others, the following: - The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we may conduct our business activities, and if we are unable to substantially comply with any PRC rules and regulations, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - Uncertainties and quick change in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations with little advance notice could result in a material and negative impact on our business operation, decrease the value of our ordinary shares and warrants and limit the legal protections available to us. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - Any change of regulations and rules by Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time and any additional control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China- based issuers could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares and could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer our ordinary shares to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - Our ordinary shares may be delisted or prohibited from being traded under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act ("HFCAA") if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB") were unable to fully inspect our auditor. The delisting or the cessation of trading of our ordinary shares, or the threat of them being delisted or prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter market, may materially and adversely affect the value and/or liquidity of your investment. Additionally, if the PCAOB were unable to conduct full inspections of our auditor, it would deprive our investors of the benefits of such inspections. Pursuant to the HFCAA, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the PRC, and (2) Hong Kong. In addition, the PCAOB's report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations. Our auditor, Summit Group CPAs, P.C. ("SG CPA", formerly known as "Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C."), is headquartered in New York, New York, and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis. Our auditor is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified in this report as a firm subject to the PCAOB's determination. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the PCAOB is not able to fully conduct inspections of our auditor's work papers in China, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction to our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities may be prohibited under the HFCA Act. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - Regulatory bodies of the United States may be limited in their ability to conduct investigations or inspections of our operations in China. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, business operations and financial results. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - It will be difficult to acquire jurisdiction and enforce liabilities against our officers, directors and assets based in Hong Kong. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - The Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties which could negatively affect our trading on the OTCQB and limit the legal protections available to you and us. See "Risk Factors -- Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China" for additional information. - Since 2020 and continuing into 2025, the Chinese government has been implementing increasingly stringent rules and regulations on its domestic business activities, particularly for companies whose shares are listed on U.S. exchanges. Such policy changes have caused profound impact on the value of the affected companies' equities and resulted in significant drop in market valuation for their shareholders. The recent regulatory changes in China have focused on the following industries: 1) Cryptocurrency mining and coin offerings 2) Social media and cyber security 3) Online gaming 4) Ride-hailing 5) Extra-curriculum education and tutoring 6) Variable interest entity structures The Company does not participate in any of the above six categories, and particularly our division that operated a MVNO business under a variable interest entity structure in China was sold as of October 29, 2020. Also, as indicated in this 2025 Annual Report filed on Form 20-F, our revenues recognized from activities in China represent 50.6%, 50.6% and 31.2% of our total net revenues for the years 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. However, as the rules and regulations in China continue to evolve, the Company may become affected in future periods causing the public market valuation of our shares to decline. - We are incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Our principal executive offices are located in Hong Kong. We are a global leader in software, development services and products providing customizable, differentiated and scalable Android-based smart connected devices and cloud service solutions. We are also a leading provider of commercial grade Android platform software for mobile chipset manufacturers, mobile device OEMs and mobile operators, as well as complete product solutions of mobile connected devices for enterprise and consumer applications We are not a Critical Information Infrastructure Operator ("CIIO") or a Data Processing Operator ("DPO") as defined in Cybersecurity Review Measures (Revised Draft for Public Comments) published by Cyberspace Administration of China or the CAC on July 10, 2021. The subsidiary Beijing Big Cloud Century Technology Ltd ("BC-Tech") used to operate a mobile virtual network operator ("MVNO") business in China with a VIE structure. The VIE entity was a holding company known as Beijing Big Cloud Network Technology Co. Ltd ("BC-NW") which owned the operating company known as Yuantel (Beijing) Telecommunications Technology Co., Ltd ("Yuantel"). Yuantel was sold as of October 29, 2020. BC-NW was re-organized with the VIE structure dismantled and became directly owned by BC-Tech, and therefore BC-NW remains on the Company's organization chart. Therefore, we are not covered by the permission and requirements from the China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC"), CAC or any other entity that is required to approve of the VIE's operations, and we have received all requisite permissions to operate our business in China and no permission has been denied. - We do not believe we are required to obtain any permission from any PRC governmental authorities to offer securities to foreign investors. We have been closely monitoring regulatory developments in China regarding any necessary approvals from the CSRC and other PRC governmental authorities required for overseas listings, on the U.S. exchanges or on a foreign exchange other than the U.S., including the trading of our shares on the OTCQB. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection to our trading on the OTCQB from the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities. However, there remains significant uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. If we inadvertently conclude that the approvals of the CSRC, or any other regulatory authority are not required for our trading on the OTCQB, or applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain approvals in the future, obtaining such approvals could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities, including the ordinary shares, to significantly decline or be worthless. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities. In addition, these regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from any overseas securities offering into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. The CSRC, or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt any of our securities offerings before settlement and delivery of our ordinary shares. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. See "Risk Factors –Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Doing Business in China".

The SAFE issued the Notice on Issues Relating to the Administration of Foreign Exchange in Fund-Raising and Round-Trip Investment Activities of Domestic Residents Conducted via Offshore Special Purpose Companies on October 26, 2005, or Circular 75, requiring PRC residents, including PRC resident individuals and PRC companies, to register with the local SAFE branch before establishing or controlling any company outside of China for capital financing with assets or equities of PRC companies owned by such PRC residents, referred to in the notice as an "offshore special purpose vehicle." The PRC resident individuals include not only PRC citizens but also foreign natural persons who habitually reside in China due to economic interests. SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents' Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 37, on July 4, 2014, which replaced the Circular 75. Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents' legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in Circular 37 as a "special purpose vehicle." Under Circular 37, a PRC resident who is a foreign nature person is not required to complete the registration if he/she uses assets outside China or equity interests in offshore entities to special purpose vehicles. The term "control" under Circular 37 is broadly defined as the operation rights, beneficiary rights, or decision-making rights acquired by the PRC residents in the offshore special purpose vehicles or PRC companies by such means as acquisition, trust, proxy, voting rights, repurchase, convertible bonds or other arrangements. Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any changes concerning the basic information of the special purpose vehicle, such as changes in a PRC resident individual shareholder, name or operation period; or any significant changes concerning the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. If the shareholders of the offshore holding company who are PRC residents do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, the PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to the offshore company, and the offshore company may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with SAFE registration and amendment requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions. On February 28, 2015, SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or Circular 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Per Circular 13, entities and individuals are required to apply for foreign exchange registration of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment, including those required under Circular 37, with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks, under the supervision of SAFE, directly examine the applications and conduct the registration. We requested all of our current shareholders and/or beneficial owners to disclose whether they or their shareholders or beneficial owners fall within the ambit of Circular 37 and Circular 13 and to register with the local SAFE branch as required under Circular 37 and Circular 13 as applicable. As of the date of this report, we are aware that a few of our natural person shareholders who are not PRC citizens may otherwise be deemed as PRC residents under the definitions under the SAFE regulations, but we are not aware that any of them uses assets inside China or equity interest in PRC companies to invest in the Company. Before the issuance of Circular 37, we had attempted to submit applications to the Beijing branch of SAFE for such individual shareholders under Circular 75, but those applications were not accepted by the Beijing branch of SAFE because those individuals are not PRC citizens. After Circular 37 became effective, we understand these individuals are not required to conduct the registrations since they do not use assets within China or equity interests in PRC companies to invest in the Company. We cannot assure you, however, that the SAFE's opinion will be the same as our opinion and that all of these individuals can complete required filings or updates promptly or at all in the event that these individuals are required to conduct the filings. Besides, we have issued and may in the future issue shares to certain PRC citizens for the acquisition of other companies, and we have or will request them to register with the local SAFE branch as required under Circular 37 and Circular 13. We cannot assure, however, that all of these individuals can complete required filings or updates in a timely manner, or at all. Furthermore, as there is uncertainty concerning the reconciliation of the new regulations with other approval requirements, it is unclear how these regulations, and any further regulations concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended, and implemented by the relevant government authorities. We cannot assure that we currently are, and we will in the future continue to be, fully informed of identities of all our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents, and we cannot provide any assurance that all of our shareholders and beneficial owners who are PRC residents will comply with our request to make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or comply with other requirements required by Circular 37 and Circular 13 or other related rules on time. Any failure or inability by any of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents to comply with SAFE regulations may subject them to fines or other legal sanctions, such as potential liability for our PRC subsidiaries and, in some instances, for their legal representatives and other liable individuals, as well as restrictions on our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries or our PRC subsidiaries' ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign-exchange-denominated loans from our offshore holding companies. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

In December 2006, the People's Bank of China promulgated the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals, which set forth the respective requirements for foreign exchange transactions by individuals (both PRC or non-PRC citizens) under either the current account or the capital account. In January 2007, SAFE issued implementing rules for the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals, which, among other things, specified approval requirements for certain capital account transactions such as a PRC citizen's participation in the employee stock ownership plans or stock option plans of an overseas publicly-listed company. In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules, which replaced the Application Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Ownership Plans or Stock Option Plans of Overseas Publicly Listed Companies issued by SAFE in March 2007. Under these rules, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plans in an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE or our local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company or another qualified institution selected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of our participants. Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests, and fund transfers. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent, or the overseas entrusted institution, or other material changes. In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in the Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. According to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. In addition, SAFE Circular 37 stipulates that PRC residents who participate in a share incentive plan of an overseas non-publicly listed special purpose company may register with SAFE or its local branches before they obtain the incentive shares or exercise the share options. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been or will be granted incentive shares or options are or will be subject to these regulations. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions, and there may be additional restrictions on their ability to exercise their share options or remit proceeds gained from the sale of their shares into the PRC. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers, and employees under PRC law.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in August 2006 and amended in June 2009, among other things, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. In addition, the Implementing Rules Concerning Security Review on the Mergers and Acquisitions by Foreign Investors of Domestic Enterprises, issued by the Ministry of Commerce in August 2011, specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors involved in "an industry related to national security" are subject to strict review by the Ministry of Commerce, and prohibit any activities attempting to bypass such security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. We believe that our business is not in an industry related to national security, but it cannot preclude the possibility that the Ministry of Commerce or other government agencies may publish explanations contrary to our understanding or broaden the scope of such security reviews in the future, in which case our future acquisitions in the PRC, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any concentration of undertakings if certain filing thresholds are triggered. We may grow our business in part by directly acquiring complementary businesses in China. Complying with the requirements of the laws and regulations mentioned above and other PRC regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the Ministry of Commerce, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. Our ability to expand our business or maintain or expand our market share through future acquisitions would, as such, be materially and adversely affected.

The Ministry of Commerce ("MOFCOM") published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law in January 2015 aiming to, upon its enactment, replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The draft Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. A draft Foreign Investment Law drafted by the MOFCOM and the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, has been included in the list of draft laws submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for deliberation under the 2018 Legislation Plan of the State Council. However, it is uncertain when the draft would be signed into law and whether the draft version submitted for deliberation or the final version would have any substantial changes from the draft version published by the MOFCOM. The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may materially impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and business operations in many aspects. Among other things, the draft Foreign Investment Law expands the definition of foreign investment and introduces the principle of "actual control" in determining whether a company should be treated as a foreign-invested enterprise or a FIE. According to the definition outlined in the draft Foreign Investment Law, FIEs refer to enterprises established in China under PRC law that are solely or partially invested by foreign investors. The draft Foreign Investment Law specifically provides those entities established in China (without direct foreign equity ownership) but "controlled" by foreign investors, through contract or trust, for example, will be treated as FIEs. Once an entity falls within the definition of FIE, it may be subject to foreign investment "restrictions" or "prohibitions" outlined in a "negative list" to be separately issued by the State Council later. If a FIE proposes to conduct business in an industry subject to foreign investment "restrictions" in the "negative list," the FIE must go through a market entry clearance by the Ministry of Commerce before being established. A FIE is prohibited from conducting business in an industry subject to foreign investment "prohibitions" in the "negative list". However, a FIE, during the market entry clearance process, may apply in writing to be treated as a PRC domestic enterprise if its foreign investor(s) is/are ultimately "controlled" by PRC government authorities and its affiliates and/or PRC citizens. In this connection, "control" is broadly defined in the draft law to cover the following summarized categories: (i) holding 50% or more of the voting rights of the subject entity; (ii) holding less than 50% of the voting rights of the subject entity but having the power to secure at least 50% of the seats on the board or other equivalent decision making bodies, or having the voting power to exert material influence on the board, the shareholders' meeting or other equivalent decision making bodies; or (iii) having the power to exert decisive influence, via contractual or trust arrangements, over the subject entity's operations, financial matters or other key aspects of business operations. The "variable interest entity" structure, or VIE structure, has been adopted by many PRC-based companies to obtain necessary licenses and permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in China. Under the draft Foreign Investment Law, variable interest entities that are controlled via contractual arrangement would also be deemed as FIEs if they are ultimately "controlled" by foreign investors. Therefore, for any companies with a VIE structure in an industry category that is included in the "negative list" as restricted industry, the VIE structure may be deemed legitimate only if the ultimate controlling person(s) is/are of PRC nationality (either PRC government authorities and its affiliates or PRC citizens). Conversely, if the actual controlling person(s) is/are of foreign nationalities, then the variable interest entities will be treated as FIEs, and any operation in the industry category on the "negative list" without market entry clearance may be considered illegal. The draft Foreign Investment Law has not taken a position on what actions shall be taken for the existing companies with a VIE structure, whether or not these companies are controlled by Chinese parties, while it is soliciting comments from the public on this point. Moreover, it is uncertain whether the telecommunication business, in which our variable interest entity operates, will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in the "negative list" to be issued. If the enacted version of the Foreign Investment Law and the final "negative list" mandate further actions, such as the Ministry of Commerce market entry clearance, to be completed by companies with existing VIE structure like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all. The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may also materially impact on our corporate governance practice and increase our compliance costs. For instance, the draft Foreign Investment Law imposes stringent ad hoc and periodic information reporting requirements on foreign investors and the applicable FIEs. Aside from the investment implementation report and investment amendment report that are required at each investment and alteration of investment specifics, an annual report is mandatory, and large foreign investors meeting certain criteria are required to report quarterly. Any company found to be non-compliant with this information reporting obligations may potentially be subject to fines and/or administrative or criminal liabilities, and the persons directly responsible may be subject to criminal liabilities.

We are an offshore holding company with operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries subject to the approval from or registration with governmental authorities and limitation on amount, or we may make additional capital contributions to our subsidiaries in China. Any loans to our subsidiaries in China, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises under PRC laws, are subject to foreign exchange loan registrations. In addition, a foreign-invested enterprise shall use its capital pursuant to the principle of authenticity and self-use within its business scope. According to the PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises in China, capital contributions to the PRC subsidiaries are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings or reports in the Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System and registration with a local bank authorized by SAFE. Any medium or long-term loan to be provided by us to our consolidated affiliated entities must be filed with the National Development and Reform Commission and recorded by SAFE or its local branches through the online filing system of SAFE pursuant to applicable PRC regulations. The Circular on Reforming the Administration Measures on Conversion of Foreign Exchange Registered Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, which was issued by the SAFE and was most recently amended on March 23, 2023, allows for the use of RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments in the PRC, provided that such usage shall fall into the scope of business of the foreign-invested enterprise, which will be regarded as the reinvestment of foreign-invested enterprise. In addition, the Circular Regarding Further Promotion of the Facilitation of Cross-Border Trade and Investment, which was promulgated by the SAFE and was most recently amended on December 4, 2023, allows foreign-invested enterprises whose business scope does not include investment, or non-investment foreign-invested enterprises, to use their capital funds to make equity investments in China, subject to certain conditions. As of the date of this annual report, its interpretation and implementation in practice remained subject to further explanations and elaborations. As the government authorities have discretion in interpreting the regulation, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital funds to be used for equity investments in the PRC in practice. In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or filings or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, for future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or concerning future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds from our securities offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

The PRC government imposes controls on the conversion of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of foreign currency out of China. We receive part of our revenue in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our British Virgin Islands holding company primarily relies on dividend payments from our PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments, and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange ("SAFE"), by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, accumulated after-tax profits generated from the operations of Borqs Beijing in China may be used to pay dividends to us. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain approval from SAFE to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries to pay off any debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may, at our discretion, restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.